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CHAPTER I. Introduction

1.1. Overview

     Law number 6 of 1996 concerning Indonesian Waters classifies inland waters into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water. The fish management area in the Indonesian Republic for catching and/or growing the fish carried out in the territorial waters. It includes the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the inland waters area stipulated in Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning fishery as amended by Law of the Indonesian Republic Number 45 of 2009. Indonesia's inland waters consist of around 5,590 main rivers with a total of 94,573 km and around 65,017 tributaries, around 840 lakes and 735 lakes (small lakes), and 162 reservoirs (Depkimpraswil, 2003). In calculating those ecosystems, the area of ​​inland water bodies reaches 19.7 million ha. The total inland water area, 65%, is in Kalimantan, 23% in Sumatra, 7.8% in Papua, 3.5% in Sulawesi, and 0.7% in Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara. (Sarnita, 1986; Kartamihardja, 2005)

The latest study on the number of lakes in Indonesia shows 5,807 lakes spread across five major islands (LIPI, 2020). The classification of lakes in the study includes all types of lakes (oxbow, rain-drained lakes, artificial, and others.) as well as dams, swamps, lakes, and reservoirs. These lakes are classified into five categories, namely: 1) very large (> 100,000 ha), a total of 1 lake; 2) large (10,000 - 100,000 ha), a total of 7 lakes; 3) medium (1,000 - 10,000 ha) a total of 38 lakes, 4) small (1 - 1,000 ha) a total of 3,281 lakes, 5) very small (< 1 ha) a total of 1,512 lakes. Kalimantan is the island that has the most lakes, followed by Java-Bali-Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, and Sumatra Island, and the island with the least number of lakes is Maluku- Papua.

Rivers, according to Government Regulation No. 38 of 2011 concerning rivers, are natural and/or artificial water channels or containers in the form of a water drainage network, and the water in it, starting from the upstream to the estuary, bounded on the right and left by a demarcation line. The river recorded in the territory of Indonesia is around 5,590 main rivers and 65,017 tributaries, with a total length of the main rivers of 94,573 km and an area of ​​watersheds reaching 1,512,466 km2 (Depkimpraswil, 2003; KLHK, 2021). Based on the classification of length by Sunaryo et al. (2004), river waters in Indonesia consist of a length of >400 km (15 units), 200 – 399 km (27 units), 100 – 199 km (80 units), 50 -99 km (208 pieces) and length < 50 km (5,260 pieces), with a total of 5,590 rivers.

According to PP number 73 of 2013, swamps are defined as water containers containing water and water power. Those are inundated continuously or seasonally, formed naturally on relatively flat or concave land with mineral or peat deposits, and overgrown with vegetation, an ecosystem. Swamps are divided into tidal and lowland swamps based on their hydrological regime. The regulations also explain the definitions of the two types of swamps, tidal swamps located on the beach, near the beach, river mouths, or near river mouths that are inundated and affected by sea tides. Meanwhile, lebak swamps are located far from the coast and are inundated by river overflows periodically and continuously (Aisyah et al., 2019). Based on Scott's criteria (1989), the type of swamp in Indonesian consist of mangroves (3,267 x 103 ha), peat swamps (16,618 x 103 ha), freshwater swamps (5,166 x 103 ha), seasonal freshwater swamps (19 x 103 ha), seasonal peat swamps (355 x 103 ha), whose total swap area in Indonesia is 25,425,200 ha

Reservoir waters are artificial water bodies due to dams' function in one river segment. Referring to the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 37 of 2010 concerning Dams, the purpose of building dams is to increase the utility of the function of water resources, water preservation, controlling the destructive power of water, and other security functions. The main function of this reservoir is as a hydroelectric power plant, irrigation, flood control, and additional functions for raw water sources, fisheries, tourism, and water transportation. Based on 1995 data (Kasiro et al., 1995), the number of large reservoirs and dams in Indonesia reached 82 dams. The number of dams registered at the Ministry of public work and housing (PUPR)'s Dam Center is 209, 178 of which are owned by public work (PU). The total area of ​​the existing reservoir waters is 1,036,770.4 x 103m2, while its capacity (volume) reaches 15,621,019.3 x 103 m3.

1.2 Description 

In the context of implementing EAFM in inland waters, there is at least some basic knowledge that relevant stakeholders must understand, including fisheries management conditions and issues, principles, an overview of the stages of implementation, urgency, and preparations for implementing EAFM in inland waters, and an introduction to stakeholders, involved interests, fisheries management units, and EAFM strategic plans in Inland Waters which consist of objectives, indicators, and benchmarks of success, managerial action, and communication strategies. Meanwhile, Module-2 contains explanations related to preparation for implementation, overview, involvement of stakeholders, and EAFM management units in inland waters.

 

1.3. Objective

Module-2 is structured as teaching material for implementing Technical guidance for assessing EAFM Indicators in Inland Waters. So the participants can understand the management performance, fisheries management issues, ecosystem-based fisheries management approaches, the importance of EAFM implementation, EAFM principles, and stages of EAFM implementation in inland waters.

1.4. Definitions and Terms

  1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.

  2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.

  3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.

  4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries

  5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;

  6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;

  7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;

  8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;

  9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;

  10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;

  11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;

  12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;

  13. A dangerous type of fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic which can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.

  14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.

  15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;

  16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;

  17. Local wisdom is a noble value ​​ still valid in society's life habits.

  18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.

  19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;

  20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;

  21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods are the usage of fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.

  22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.

  23. Artisanal Fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.

  24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.

  25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.

  26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.

  27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;

  28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.

  29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;

  30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries

  31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.

  32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;

  33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;

  34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;

  35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

  36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.

  37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.

  38. Border lake is the area of ​​land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for  the environmental aspects;

  39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;

  40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);

  41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.

  42. Fisheries Management Unit, hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.

  43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;

  44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;

  45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;

  46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;

  47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.

  48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;

  49. The Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.

  50. Indonesian Republic State Fisheries Management Area, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI, is a fishery management area for fishing and fish farming which includes Indonesian waters, the Indonesian exclusive economic zone, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.

 

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