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Chapter I Introduction

1.1 Overview

Law Number 6 of 1996, concerning Indonesian Waters, classifies inland waters into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water. The fishery management area of the Indonesia Republic in Inland Fisheries includes areas for fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.

Indonesia's inland waters consist of around 5,590 main rivers with a total of 94,573 km and around 65,017 tributaries, around 840 lakes and 735 lakes (small lakes), and 162 reservoirs (Depkimpraswil, 2003). In calculating those ecosystems, the area of inland water bodies reaches 19.7 million ha. The total inland water area, 65%, is in Kalimantan, 23% in Sumatra, 7.8% in Papua, 3.5% in Sulawesi, and 0.7% in Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara. (Sarnita, 1986; Kartamihardja, 2005)

Management of inland fishery areas sustainably requires the role and support of all stakeholders. Stakeholder mapping shows the categories of stakeholders involved in managing inland waters as subjects, players, actors, and observers. Strategies for optimizing stakeholder arrangements in realizing sustainable inland fisheries management are needed through increased collaboration and cooperation between issues and players with high power and interest in inland fisheries area management policies. These strategies can be realized through increasing effective cooperation and collaboration between the government and the community in realizing sustainable inland fisheries area management policies. The management strategy must involve all stakeholders to protect natural resources and environmental services, pay attention to environmental quality, and increase the income of people in inland waters.

Stakeholder involvement plays a role and working actively toward the goals to be achieved greatly influences the success of fishery resource management (Muliawan et al. l, 2014). Therefore identifying stakeholders in a fishery management area (WPP) is very important.

According to Bappenas, to improve and strengthen partnerships with all stakeholders in the corridor of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Indonesia applies five partnership principles, namely;

  • Trust building; mutual trust between partner stakeholders. Trust is the basic capital in building partnerships synergistically. Communication must be based on good faith and uphold honesty to build trust.
  • Equal partnership; each party has an equal position.
  • Participation; active involvement of stakeholders in synergizing the implementation of SDGs achievement.
  • Accountability; there is an evaluation of the implementation process for achieving SDGs activities and the stakeholders' performance in a responsible manner.
  • Mutual benefit; the principle of mutual benefit in partnership through the parties' contribution according to their respective roles and capacities.
  • To ensure that all components of human resources in the WPP are known;
  • To see if key stakeholders have been identified;
  • To see if new stakeholders are emerging with a new program;
  • To find out who supports or does not support a program is carried out at WPP;
  • To find out and ensure the level of complexity of stakeholders.

WWF (2005) states that stakeholders are any individual, group, or institution interested in natural resources in the project area and/or that will potentially be affected by project activities and have gains or losses if conditions change or same. Stakeholders are not necessarily involved/included in the decision-making process. Stakeholders must be identified in terms of their roles, not individual names. Stakeholders may include various government agencies, non-governmental organizations, local community groups, and other fisheries (natural) resource management institutions. Stakeholders can be identified based on the following:

  1. General categories: internal and external

  2. Interests in EAFM:a. Main stakeholders (Key) are objects that are directly affected by the implementation of a policy: fishermen and fishery entrepreneurs;b. Secondary stakeholders are the executor of the decision, which has the resources and funds: government, indigenous peoples, coastal communities (both positively and negatively affected); c. A tertiary stakeholder is an external party interested in managing fishery resources or if a decision is made: NGO.

  3. Typology: macro level – micro level

  4. Stakeholder types: individuals–groups

The regulations required to identify stakeholders and their interrelationships in EAFM include the following:

  • Law Number 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure;
  • Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 08 of 2009 concerning Community Participation and Empowerment in the Management of Coastal and Small Islands;
  • Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 48/PERMEN-KP/2020 concerning the organization and working procedures of the ministry of maritime affairs and fisheries; and
  • Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 38 of 2013 concerning Fisheries Extension Policies and Strategies;
  • Decree of the Director General of Capture Fisheries Number: 18/KEPDJPT/2014 concerns Technical Guidelines for Assessment of Indicators for Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach.

In this module, a more detailed description will be presented regarding the level of synergy of fisheries management policies, stakeholder capacity, and policy support for fisheries management. The framework of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), the Stakeholder Domain, is one of the 7 (seven) EAFM domains in inland waters (see Figure 1.). It analyzes status flags and the impact of stakeholder activities in inland water ecosystems. So, strategic steps can be taken to regulate stakeholder activities in inland waters.


Figure 1. Stakeholder Domain Position in EAFM in Inland Waters

  1. Participant knows the meaning of indicators in the stakeholder domain, including the level of cross-sectoral policy/program/activity synergy, stakeholder capacity, the orientation of local government policies and institutional management of local scale fisheries; and
  2. Participants understand how to evaluate indicators and determine status flags in the stakeholder domain in an inland public waters ecosystem.
  1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.
  2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.
  3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.
  4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries
  5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;
  6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;
  7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;
  8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;
  9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;
  10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;
  11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;
  12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;
  13. A dangerous type of fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic which can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.
  14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.
  15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;
  16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;
  17. Local wisdom is a noble value still valid in society's life habits.
  18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.
  19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;
  20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;
  21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods are the usage of fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.
  22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.
  23. Artisanal Fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.
  24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.
  25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.
  26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.
  27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;
  28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.
  29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;
  30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries
  31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.
  32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;
  33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;
  34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;
  35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
  36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.
  37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.
  38. Border lake is the area of land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for the environmental aspects;
  39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;
  40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);
  41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.
  42. Fisheries Management Unit, hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.
  43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;
  44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;
  47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.
  48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;
  49. The Fisheries Management Area of the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
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