CHAPTER III Assessment of EAFM Indicators in the Fish Resources Environmental Domain

3.1. Data collection technique

In evaluating EAFM indicators in the Fish Resources Environmental Domain, primary data can be obtained through direct field observations and secondary data from available references. Interviews were conducted after determining the selected respondents from the sampling results. Face-to-face debriefing was carried out using a guide or questionnaire to obtain information according to the purpose of this study. The characteristics of direct interviews are as follows.

The interviewer and respondent do not know each other;
The interviewer asked the respondent to answer the following;
The interviewer is neutral, does not direct the respondent; and
The questions asked to follow the guide or questionnaire.

Sampling was done using the stratified random sampling method, in which the interview respondents were determined in stages. This sampling technique pays attention to each population element from each group that does not overlap (homogeneous elements) and must have the same opportunity. Strata sampling can use administrative limits or the type of fishing gear used. The allocation of the number of samples from each level is sought using the principle of proportional allocation.

Data was collected to obtain information according to each indicator, so each indicator has criteria for determining its status. Because each indicator has a different data source, the assessor needs to know where and how the data source can be obtained.

In measuring environmental indicators of fish resources, the parameters measured are fluctuations in water level, pollution, borders, reserve areas, environmental modifications, siltation or reduction of water area and important habitats, with data collection techniques for each indicator described as follows:

Water Level Fluctuations

Data/information on water level fluctuation indicators can be obtained through the following:

Direct observation data to the field related to the phenomenon of waterlogging;
Water level data for the last 5 (five) years from the local work unit in charge of water resources;
Rainfall data for the last 5 (five) years from the local work unit in charge of meteorology, climatology, and geophysics;
Wetland image data within the last 5 (five) years from the work unit in charge of geospatial or space information;
Research results or monitoring data from related work units/stakeholders; and/or
Results of interviews with other fishermen/respondents who have visual experience in the last 5-10 years

The steps for giving a criterion value to the Community Participation indicator are as follows:

Collect the data of all water level fluctuation events in an inland water ecosystem.
Giving the criterion value (nk) of the water level fluctuation indicator with the following criteria values:

nk 1 = fluctuations in water levels during high and low water seasons have decreased in the last 5-10 years;
nk 2 = fluctuations in water level during high and low water seasons in the last 5-10 years;
nk 3 = Fluctuations in water levels during high and low water seasons have increased in the last 5-10 years.

Some of the stakeholders who can be used as respondents in evaluating indicators of water level fluctuations include:

Work unit in the field of water resources;
Work unit in the field of climatology;
Academics/researchers from higher education institutions/other research institutions;
Fisheries instructor
Fisherman.

Pollution

Pollution indicator data/information can be obtained through:

Results of direct field observations related to biological contamination parameters (water plant cover, bacteria/plankton/algae) which were carried out in a representative manner, both in terms of time and distribution of observation locations;
The latest data related to biological pollution from work units in charge of water resources or the environment;
Scientific data from related research institutions or academics and/or
Results of interviews with fishermen/other competent respondents.

The steps for assigning a criterion value to the pollution indicator are:

Collect the data on all pollution events in an inland water ecosystem.
Giving value criteria (nk) indicators of pollution, with the following value criteria:

nk 1 = heavily polluted waters or smell and dark color or cause mass death of fish
nk 2 = moderately polluted waters or unfit for drinking but still suitable for bathing; And
nk 3 = lightly polluted waters or still fit for drinking.

Several stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing pollution indicators include:

Work unit in the field of the environment;
Academics/researchers from higher education institutions/other research institutions;
Fisherman;
fishery extension;

Riparian vegetation

Indicator data/information on riparian vegetation can be obtained through the following:

The results of direct field observations related to the average width of the demarcation and the variation of the vegetation which was carried out on a representative basis;
The latest data related to demarcation from work units in charge of water resources or the environment;
Research data from related research institutions or academics. And/or
Results of interviews with fishermen/other competent respondents.

The steps for giving criterion values to indicators of riparian vegetation that is:

Collect the data on all border widths and/or littoral areas in an inland waters ecosystem;
Give the criterion value (nk) of border indicators and/or littoral areas with the following criteria values:

nk 1 = no demarcation (function switch);
nk 2 = demarcation 1-15 m;
nk 3 = demarcation >15 m

Some of the stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing riparian vegetation indicators include:

Work units in the field of public works;
Work units in the field of environment and forestry;
Academics/researchers from institutions of higher education/other research institutions

Fisheries Restricted Areas

Data/information on indicators of fisheries-restricted areas can be obtained through the following:

Results of identification of the distribution and existence of fisheries restricted areas;
Information on the management of fisheries restricted areas from the work unit in charge of fisheries;
Research data from related research institutions or academics; and/or
Results of interviews with fishermen/other competent respondents

The steps for assigning a criterion value to the indicators of fisheries-restricted areas are:

Collect the data on all activities in the management of the fisheries-restricted regions in an inland waters ecosystem
Giving the criterion value (nk) of the indicator of the fisheries restricted areas, with the following value criteria:

nk 1 = no fisheries restricted areas;
nk 2 = there is a no fisheries restricted areas, but not yet managed/maintained;
nk 3 = there is a fisheries restricted areas managed/guarded by local stakeholders

Several stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing indicators of fisheries-restricted areas include:

Work units in the fisheries sector;
Work units in the field of forestry and the environment;
Public figure;
Fishery extension;
Fisherman;

Environment Modification

Environmental modification indicator data/information can be obtained through:

Direct observation data to the field related to modification of the inland water environment;
Data on utilization/ exploitation of water resources in waters from work units in charge of public works/water resources/spatial planning;
Research data from related research institutions or academics and/or
Results of interviews with fishermen/other competent respondents.

The steps for assigning criteria values to environmental modification indicators are as follows:

Collect the data on all environmental modification activities in an inland water ecosystem.
Give the value of the criteria (nk) environmental modification indicators with the following value criteria:

nk 1 = there is a modification of the environment, which disrupts the life cycle of fish;
nk 2 = there is an environmental modification, but it has not disrupted the fish life cycle;
nk 3 = no environmental modifications

Some of the stakeholders who can be used as respondents in evaluating environmental modification indicators include:

Work units in the field of forestry and the environment;
Work units in the field of public works;
Public figure;
Fishery extension;
Fisherman.

Siltation

Data/information on siltation indicators can be obtained through:

Direct observation data to the field related to the phenomenon of siltation of inland waters;
Data on changes in depth and area of waters in the last 5 (five) years from local work units in charge of public works/spatial planning/water resources/environment;
Wetland image data within the last 5 (five) years from the work unit in charge of geospatial or space information;
Data from research results or monitoring of related parties; and/or
Results of interviews with fishermen/other respondents who have a visual experience

The steps for assigning a criterion value to the siltation indicator are:

Collect the data on all events of siltation or reduction of water area in an inland water ecosystem.
Give the criterion value (nk) of the silting waters indicator with the following criteria values:

nk 1 = siltation occurs > 20%
nk 2 = siltation occurs <20%
nk 3 = siltation has not occurred

Some of the stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing indicators of siltation include:

Work units in the field of forestry and the environment;
Work unit in the field of water resources;
Work unit in the geospatial/space sector;
Public figure;
Fishery extension;
Fisherman;

Important Habitats

Important habitat indicator data/information can be obtained through the following:

Direct observation data to the field regarding the existence and condition of important habitats in an inland waters ecosystem;
Monitoring data of the work unit in charge of fisheries;
Scientific data from related research institutions or academics; and/or
Results of interviews with fishermen/other competent respondents

The steps for assigning criteria values to important habitat indicators are:

Collect the data on all important habitat locations in an inland water ecosystem.
Give the criterion value (nk) of important habitat indicators with the following value criteria:

nk 1 = condition of important habitat has changed/decreased and not recoverable
nk 2 = important habitat conditions have changed/decreased but are still recoverable
nk 3 = important habitat condition has not changed/decreased

Several stakeholders that can be used as respondents in assessing important habitat indicators include:

Work units in the fisheries sector;
Academics/researchers from higher education institutions/other research institutions;
Public figure
Fishery extension;
Fisherman;

3.2. Analysis Techniques

EAFM analysis is a multi-attribute approach to symptoms or performance indications of aquatic ecosystem conditions. Substantially, the assessment of EAFM indicators is a multi-criteria analysis system that ends in assessing a composite index to determine the status of fisheries management using the Flag Modeling technique (Adrianto, Matsuda, and Sakuma, 2005). Data analysis is needed to find out the relationship between the current management performance status based on the data of each indicator in the stakeholder domain and recommendations for fisheries management actions that will be developed.

Currently, there are tools available that can be used to analyze the condition of EAFM and the conditions of each EAFM domain, especially the stakeholder domain, namely by using the EAFM indicator assessment matrix (as attached). In detail, the method for calculating the composite score on social indicators and domains is described as follows:

Water level fluctuation

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator (CI) value of water level fluctuations is:

CI1.1=br1.1nr1.1nk1.1

Description:

CI1.1 = composite indicator of water level fluctuations

br1.1 = weight value of water level fluctuation indicator

nr1.1 = rating value of water level fluctuation indicator

nk1.1 = criterion value of water level fluctuation indicator

From 7 (seven) indicators in the environmental domain of fish resources, the ranking value of the water level fluctuation indicator is the lowest among the existing indicators, namely with a value of 1. Thus the weight of the water level fluctuation indicator is 4. It indicates the indicator has the lowest effect on the domain fish resource environment. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of water level fluctuations is:

br1.1=(100 / (nr1.1+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.1

Pollution

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator (CI) value of pollution is:

CI1.2=br1.2nr1.2nk1.2

Description:

CI1.2 = pollution indicator composite

br1.2 = the weight value of the pollution indicator

nr1.2 = ranking value of pollution indicators

nk1.2 = value of pollution indicator criteria

From the 7 (seven) indicators in the Fish Resources Environment domain, the ranking value of the pollution indicator is the second highest among the existing indicators, namely with a value of 6. Thus the weight of the pollution indicator has a value of 21. The pollution indicator has the second largest effect on the domain fish resource environment. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of pollution is:

br1.2=(100 / (nr1.1+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.2

Riparian vegetation

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI) of riparian vegetation is:

CI1.3=br1.3nr1.3nk1.3

Description:

CI1.3 = Composite indicator of Riparian vegetation

br1.3 = indicator weight value of Riparian vegetation

nr1.3 = indicator ranking value of Riparian vegetation

nk1.3 = indicator criterion value of Riparian vegetation

From the 7 (seven) indicators in the environmental domain of fish resources, the value of the indicator ranking of riparian vegetation is the third lowest among the existing indicators, with a value of 3. Thus the weight of the important habitat indicator is a value of 11. It indicates that the indicator of riparian vegetation is the third lowest influence on the Fish Resources Environment domain. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of riparian vegetation:

br1.3=(100 / (nr.11+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.3

Fisheries Restricted Areas

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI4) of fisheries-restricted areas is:

CI1.4=br1.4nr1.4nk1.4

Description:

CI1.4 = Composite indicator fisheries restricted areas

br1.4 = indicator weight value fisheries restricted areas

nr1.4 = indicator ranking value fisheries restricted areas

nk1.4 = indicator criterion value fisheries restricted areas

From 7 (seven) indicators in the environmental domain of fish resources, the value of the indicator ranking of fisheries restricted areas is the second lowest among the existing indicators, namely with a value of 2. Thus the weight of the indicator fisheries restricted areas value is 7. It indicates that the second indicator has the lowest effect on the environmental domain of fish resources. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) fisheries restricted areas are:

br1.4=(100 / (nr1.1+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.4

Environment modification

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI5) for environmental modification is:

CI1.5=br1.5nr1.5nk1.5

Description:

CI1.5 = composite environmental modification indicator

br1.5 = environmental modification indicator weight value

nr1.5 = ranking value of environmental modification indicators

nk1.5 = value of environmental modification indicator criteria

From the 7 (seven) indicators in the environmental domain of fish resources, the ranking value of the environmental modification indicator is the third highest among the existing indicators, namely 5. Thus the weight of the environmental modification indicator is 18. It indicates that the third environmental modification indicator has the greatest influence on the environmental domain of fish resources. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of environmental modification is:

br1.5=(100 / (nr1.1+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.5

Siltation

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI6) of siltation is:

CI1.6=br1.6nr1.6nk1.6

Description:

CI1.6 = Composite siltation indicator

br1.6 = Weight value siltation indicator

nr1.6 = Ranking value siltation indicator

nk1.6 = Criterion value siltation indicator

From the 7 (seven) indicators in the environmental domain of fish resources, the ranking value of the siltation indicator is the highest among the existing indicators, namely 7. Thus the weight of the siltation indicator has a value of 25. It shows that the siltation indicator influences the domain fish resource environment most. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of shallowing is:

br1.6=(100 / (nr1.1+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.6

Important Habitats

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator (CI) value for important habitats is:

CI1.7=br1.7nr1.7nk1.7

Description:

CI1.7 = composite of important habitat indicator

br1.7 = weight value of important habitat indicators

nr1.7 = ranking value of important habitat indicators

nk1.7 = value criteria of important habitat indicator

From the 7 (seven) indicators in the environmental domain of fish resources, the ranking value of the important habitat indicator is the fourth highest among the existing indicators, namely with a value of 4. Thus the weight of the Important Habitat indicator has a value of 14. It shows that the fourth important habitat indicator affects the environmental domain of fish resources. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of important habitats is:

br1.7=(100 / (nr1.1+nr1.2+nr1.3+nr1.4+nr1.5+nr1.6+nr1.7)) x nr1.7

After getting the values CI1.1, CI1.2, CI1.3, CI1.4, CI1.5, CI1.6, and CI1.7, the environmental domain status of fish resources can be calculated by adding up all the composite indicator values with the following formula:

CD1=CI1.1+CI1.2+CI1.3+CI1.4+CI1.5+CI1.6+CI1.7

Description:

CD1 = Composite value of environmental domain of fish resources

CI1.1 = Composite value of water level fluctuation indicator

CI1.2 = Composite value of pollution indicators

CI1.3 = composite value of Riparian vegetation Indicator

CI1.4 = Composite value of fisheries restricted areas indicator

CI1.5 = Composite value of environmental modification indicator

CI1.6 = Composite value of siltation indicator

CI1.7 = Composite value of important habitat indicators

The CD value obtained is used to analyze the flag status condition of the Environmental Domain of Fish Resources in the framework of implementing fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) in inland waters. The status flag criteria for the environmental domain of fish resources are grouped based on 3 (three) categories, namely:

After obtaining all CD values, the next step is to determine the status flags for fisheries management conditions in an inland waters ecosystem, namely by calculating the aggregate of all EAFM Domain Composite values using the following formula:

CA=CD1+C22+CD3+CD4+CD5+CD6+CD77

Description:

CA = aggregated value of the entire EAFM domain

CD1 = fish resource environmental domain composite value

CD2 = Fishing Technology Domain Composite value

CD4 = Economic Domain composite value

CD5 = managed fish species domain composite value

CD6 = Domain Governance composite value

CD7 = Stakeholder Domain composite value

The flag criteria for the status of fisheries management conditions in an inland waters ecosystem are grouped into 3 (three) categories, namely:

In short, the assessment of EAFM indicators used in the input process and analysis of Social Domain data can be illustrated as follows:

Notes:

2 (two) factors determine its value to evaluate each indicator in each domain, namely weight and score. The weight is from a set of indicators in the same domain, sorted by importance from high to low, with a total of 100% (maximum 1). The score uses a Likert scale of 1 to 3, namely 1 = low, 2 = moderate, and 3 = high.

Based on the calculation of the CD1 value above, it is known that the Fish Resources Environmental Domain status flag is yellow or in moderate condition. It indicates that the condition of the local Fish Resources Environmental Domain has implemented the principles of sustainable fisheries but is not yet optimal, so it is necessary to establish a strategic plan to optimize or improve the existing conditions of the domain and indicators.