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CHAPTER I Introduction

1.1. Overview

According to Law No. 45 of 2009, fishing is defined as an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not in cultivation status by any tools or method. It includes using vessels to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve the fish. Nearly all fishing gear impacts aquatic ecosystems (FAO, 2005; Jennings & Revill, 2007). However, in a management context, it is important to identify and mitigate impacts that harm sustainability at the relevant scales.

In general, fishing methods are developed to catch target species or groups of species in certain habitats. However, it can also catch non-target organisms (bycatch), be used in prohibited habitats, and cause environmental damage. Fishing activity can also remove large fish from a population, changing the size composition of the species. It can majorly impact the ecosystem, so fishing techniques must be considered in fisheries management with an ecosystem approach (FAO, 2005).

Under certain conditions, the fishing gear used is modified to obtain maximum catches, sometimes even with techniques that are not environmentally friendly/responsible (Hanafi et al., 2019). Environmentally friendly fishing technology or responsible fishing is a fishing tool that does not have a negative impact on the environment. It considers the extent to which the fishing gear damages the bottom of the water, the possibility of a loss of fishing gear, and its contribution to pollution. Another factor is the impact on biodiversity and target biota, namely the composition of the catch, the presence of bycatch, and the capture of juvenile fish (Rasdani et al., 2005 in Siregar, 2018). According to Monitja (2000) in Siregar 2018, the consideration of appropriate fishing technology to be applied in the development of capture fisheries are: (1) environmentally friendly technology, (2) technically and economically advantageous technology, and (3) sustainable technology.

According to Ditya et al. (2022), fishermen have traditionally used selective fishing gear in several Indonesian inland waters and targeted certain species and specific parts of a population for several seasons in selected areas. The fishing technology used in general still considers the productivity of environmentally friendly fishing gear. It needs to be maintained for the sake of the preservation of resources in the waters.

1.2. Description 

The assessment of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) indicators in inland waters is the initial stage in the implementation of the Fisheries Management Plan (RPP) in the Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Republic of Indonesia Land Waters (WPPNRI-PD). It aims to formulate a strategic plan that contains issues and problems, goals, objectives, and action plans for fisheries management. It is as stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia number 22 of 21 concerning the Preparation of Fisheries Management Plans and Fisheries Management Institutions in Fishery Management Areas Indonesian Republic.

This module is structured as teaching material for implementing Technical Guidance for the Assessment of Fisheries Management Indicators with an Ecosystem Approach. It is directed to provincial/regency/city regional government officials according to their authority and other relevant stakeholders (research institutions or universities). Participants of expected technical guidance can assess fisheries status in all inland water ecosystems that capture fisheries business actors have utilized. It is expected that the results of the evaluation of EAFM indicators in inland waters can be input into the application of the Information System for Fisheries Management in Inland Waters (SIAPP). So, they can be used as a joint reference in preparing RPP in the Inland Waters WPPNRI and its derivatives.

In sustainable fisheries management in WPPNRI, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries has arranged the types of fishing gear (API) that are allowed and types of API that are prohibited through the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia. It is depicted in regulation Number 18 of 2021 concerning the Placement of Fishing Equipment and Fishing Auxiliary Equipment in the Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Republic of Indonesia and the Open sea and Arranging Andon Fish catcher. Considering the sustainability of Fish Resources (SDI), every fishing activity must use permitted API because it is selective, effective, and environmentally friendly. Conversely, the type of API that is prohibited is an API that disrupts and damages the sustainability of fish resources because it can threaten the sustainability biota, causing habitat destruction and/or endangering the safety of users.

Fish catch is also prohibited if it damages the sustainability of fish resources using explosives, poisons, electricity, and/or other dangerous tools or materials. The fish catcher is generally prohibited in certain areas based on the fishing area. It is such as spawning grounds, nursery habitats, shipping lanes, core zones of water conservation areas, migration routes of marine biota, and other fish catchers that the minister determines.

In general, permitted APIs have the following criteria:

  1. highly selective for target species and size, with negligible direct or indirect impacts on non-target species, sizes, and habitats (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Paragraphs 7.2.2, 8.4.7, 8.5.1 - 8.5.4 );
  2. effective; provide a high catch of target species at the lowest possible cost; And
  3. quality-oriented, producing high-quality catches (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Paragraph 8.4.4).

Fishing gear is classified into 3 (three) main categories, namely static API, passive API, and active API. This classification is based on the relative behavior of target species and gear. Static fishing gear is an API with a structure installed permanently and not moved for at least 1 (one) year. Passive fishing gear is an API operated permanently for a certain period. Active fishing gear is a movable API. A list of APIs permitted to be used in the Inland Waters WPPNRI, including the type, dimensions, and selectivity of API, can be seen in Appendix 1.

In this module, a more detailed API description will be presented regarding the types of API that are allowed, the types of API that are prohibited, fishing methods that are not environmentally friendly, and selectivity and fishing gear capacity. Within the fisheries management framework with an ecosystem approach or EAFM, the Fishing Technology Domain is one of the 7 (seven) EAFM domains in inland waters (Figure 1). This domain is used to analyze flag status and the impact arising from the use of fishing technology in inland water ecosystems so that strategic steps can be taken to regulate fishing efforts in inland waters.

Figure1. Position of Fishing Technology Domain in EAFM in Inland Waters

1.3. Objective

Learning Module 5 Domain of Fishing Technology aims to:

  1. Participants know how to identify permitted fishing gear, fishing methods, selectivity and capacity of fishing gear, the productivity of fishing gear, and placement.
  2. Participants understand how to evaluate indicators and determine status flags in the Domain of Fishing Technology in an inland public waters ecosystem.

1.4. Definition

  1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.
  2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.
  3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.
  4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries
  5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;
  6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;
  7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;
  8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;
  9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;
  10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;
  11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;
  12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;
  13. A dangerous type of fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic which can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.
  14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.
  15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;
  16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;
  17. Local wisdom is a noble value ​​ still valid in society's life habits.
  18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.
  19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;
  20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;
  21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods are the usage of fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.
  22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.
  23. Artisanal Fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.
  24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.
  25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.
  26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.
  27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;
  28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.
  29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;
  30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries
  31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.
  32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;
  33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;
  34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;
  35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
  36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.
  37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.
  38. Border lake is the area of ​​land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for the environmental aspects;
  39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;
  40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);
  41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.
  42. Fisheries Management Unit, hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.
  43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;
  44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;
  47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.
  48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;
  49. The Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
  50. Indonesian Republic State Fisheries Management Area, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI, is a fishery management area for fishing and fish farming which includes Indonesian waters, the Indonesian exclusive economic zone, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
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