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CHAPTER I. Introduction

1.1. Overview

In fisheries management, the quality, diversity, and availability of fishery resources must be maintained in sufficient quantities for present and future generations. Fisheries management with an ecosystem approach by combining all the definitions and objectives of fisheries management must include the impact of fishing on ecosystem components and encourage other activities to protect ecosystems. Furthermore, the ecosystem is a community of many living organisms (biotic) with the abiotic components of their environment to live, eat, reproduce, and interact (Hutubessy & Mosse, 2015).

In the EAFM scheme, the biotic component consists of target species, non-target species, habitat biological components, predators, and prey (Garcia and Cochrane, 2005). Ecosystem-based fisheries management is an integrated approach, so the availability of a set of ecological indicators with reference values ​​plays an important role. Indicators are variables, pointers, or indexes that measure the current condition of an ecosystem component and guidelines for achieving sustainability in fisheries management (Garcia and Cochrane, 2005).

Thus, fish resources become one of the important domains that must be measured with several indicators. The fish resources domain is a domain that focuses on biology aspects of fish (Yuliana et al., 2019). There are 5 (five) indicators in the Fish Resources domain, namely fishing production trends, changes in the size of fish caught, the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for aquaculture, catch composition, and the presence of introduced and invasive species.

1.2. Description 

The assessment of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) indicators in inland waters is the initial stage in the implementation of the Fisheries Management Plan (RPP) in the Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Republic of Indonesia Land Waters (WPPNRI-PD). It aims to formulate a strategic plan that contains issues and problems, goals, objectives, and action plans for fisheries management. It is as stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia number 22 of 21 concerning the Preparation of Fisheries Management Plans and Fisheries Management Institutions in Fishery Management Areas Indonesian Republic.

This module is structured as teaching material for implementing Technical Guidance for the Assessment of Fisheries Management Indicators with an Ecosystem Approach. It is directed to provincial/regency/city regional government officials according to their authority and other relevant stakeholders (research institutions or universities). Participants of expected technical guidance can assess fisheries status in all inland water ecosystems that capture fisheries business actors have utilized. It is expected that the results of the evaluation of EAFM indicators in inland waters can be input into the application of the Information System for Fisheries Management in Inland Waters (SIAPP). So, they can be used as a joint reference in preparing RPP in the Inland Waters WPPNRI and its derivatives.

This module will present a more detailed description of the Fish Resources domain. It includes several indicators such as fishing production trends, changes in the size of fish caught, the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for aquaculture, catch composition, and the presence of introduced species and invasive.

The framework of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), Fish Resources is one of the 7 (seven) EAFM domains in inland waters (Figure 1). It is used to analyze flag status and impacts arising from activities fishing in inland waters ecosystems so strategic steps can be taken to regulate fishing efforts in inland waters.

Figure1. Position of Fish Resources Domain in EAFM in Inland Waters

1.3. Objective

Learning Module 6 Fish Resources Domain aims to:

  1. The participants know trends in fishing production, changes in the size of fish caught, the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for aquaculture, the composition of the catch, and the presence of introduced & invasive species; and
  2. The participants understand how to evaluate indicators and determine status flags in the Fish Resources Domain in an inland water ecosystem.

1.4. Definition

  1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.
  2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.
  3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.
  4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries
  5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;
  6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;
  7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;
  8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;
  9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;
  10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;
  11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;
  12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;
  13. A dangerous type of fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic which can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.
  14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.
  15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;
  16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;
  17. Local wisdom is a noble value ​​ still valid in society's life habits.
  18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.
  19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;
  20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;
  21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods are the usage of fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.
  22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.
  23. Artisanal Fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.
  24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.
  25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.
  26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.
  27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;
  28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.
  29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;
  30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries
  31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.
  32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;
  33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;
  34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;
  35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
  36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.
  37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.
  38. Border lake is the area of ​​land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for  the environmental aspects;
  39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;
  40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);
  41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.
  42. Fisheries Management Unit, hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.
  43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;
  44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;
  47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.
  48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;
  49. The Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
  50. Indonesian Republic State Fisheries Management Area, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI, is a fishery management area for fishing and fish farming which includes Indonesian waters, the Indonesian exclusive economic zone, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
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