CHAPTER III. Assessment of EAFM Indicators in the Fish

3.1 Data collection technique

In evaluating EAFM indicators in the Fish Resources domain, primary data obtained through direct field observations and secondary data from available references can be used. Data collection techniques for each indicator are described as follows.

a. Fishing Production Trends

Data/information on trend indicators for fishing production can be obtained through the following:

• Direct observation data to the field related to fishing efforts, including data on fish catches per unit of fishing gear per unit of time;
• Capture fisheries statistical data from the OPD in charge of fishing;

• Research results or monitoring data from related work units/stakeholders; and/or

• Results of interviews with senior fishermen who have routinely caught fish in the last 5-10 years

The steps for assigning a criterion value to the fishing production trend indicator are as follows:

1. Analysis of trends/patterns of fish catching production obtained from capture fisheries statistical data from the OPD in charge of fisheries, results of research or monitoring from related work units/stakeholders, or results of interviews with senior fishermen who have routinely caught fish in the last 5-10 years; and

2. Give the criterion value (nk) indicator fishing production trends with the following value criteria:

• nk = 1 if the catch trend is decreasing >25%;

• nk = 2 if the trend of catches decreases by 25%;

• nk = 3 if the catch trend is stable or increasing.

Some of the stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing indicators of fishing production trends include:

1. Work unit in the field of capture fisheries

2. Academics/researchers from institutions of higher education/other research institutions

3. Fisheries instructor

4. Fisherman

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

b. Change in Size of Fish Caught

Data/information on indicators of changes in the size of fish caught can be obtained through the following:

• Direct field observation data on the length of fish caught by fishermen, with a representative number of samples so that the average size of the fish length is obtained (in cm);

• Research data, particularly related to LFA (length frequency analysis) of dominant fish from related work units/stakeholders; and/or

• The interviews result with other fishermen/respondents who are experienced in capture fisheries

Notes:

The Comparison between maximum length (Lmax) and length at first maturity (Lm) is against reliable research results and literature (www.fishbase.org). The dominant species have a total volume of more than 50% of the catch (Source: Technical Instructions for Assessment of Fisheries Management Indicators in Inland Waters with an Ecosystem Approach).

The steps for assigning a criterion value to an indicator of changes in the size of fish caught are:

1. Analyze data on patterns of changes in fish size that can be obtained through direct measurements in the field of the length of fish caught by fishermen, with a representative number of samples, and the results of research related explicitly to LFA (length frequency analysis) on the dominant fish. Data can be obtained from work units/related stakeholders or interviews with fishermen/other respondents who are experienced in fisheries catching; And

2. Give the criterion value (nk) on the change indicator of caught fish size, with the following value criteria:

• nk = 1, that is, the average size of the fish caught decreases

• nk = 2, that is, the average size of fish caught is relatively constant

• nk = 3, that is, the average size of the fish caught increases

Several stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing indicators of changes in the size of fish caught include:

1. Work unit in the field of fisheries

2. Academics/researchers from institutions. higher education/other research institutions

3. Fisheries instructor

4. Fisherman

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

c. proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation

Data/information on indicators of the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation can be obtained through the following:

• Direct observation data to the field on the number of fry/brood caught by fishermen, which measurements can strengthen the long and tight catches of fish;

• Data from research results, especially related to catch composition from related work units/stakeholders; and/or

• Results of interviews with other fishermen/respondents who are experienced in capture fisheries

The steps for assigning a criterion value to the indicator for the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation are:

1. Calculate the proportion of catch composition related to Lm (first size of gonadal maturity) and internal utilization of aquaculture for certain species, if any.

2. Give the criterion value (nk) the indicator of the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation, with the following value criteria:

• nk 1 = that is if the proportion of fry/brood fish caught is >20% of the total catch

• nk 2 = proportion of fry/brood fish caught <20% of the total catch

• nk 3 = no fry/brood fish caught/very few

Stakeholders of the indicators the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation, namely:

1. Work unit in the field of fisheries

2. Academics/researchers from institutions. higher education/other research institutions

3. Fisheries instructor

4. Fisherman

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

d. Catch composition

Data/information on catch composition indicators can be obtained through the following:

• Direct observation data to the field related to the catch of fishermen so that the average composition of the results of fishing is obtained;

• Research results or monitoring data from related work units/stakeholders; and/or

• Results of interviews with other fishermen/respondents who have experience in capture fisheries for the last 5-10 years

The steps for assigning a criterion value to the catch composition indicator are:

1. Calculate the proportions of the composition of the catch. Information regarding the types of fish caught, including the herbivore/carnivore/omnivore group, can be seen on the website/site www.fishbase.org

2. Give the criterion value (nk) indicator catch composition with the following value criteria:

• nk=1, when the composition of the catch is incomplete, there are no more, or it is very rare to catch native species of fish which become the top predators;

• nk = 2, if the composition of the catch is quite complete, the original species of fish that are predators are still caught but in decreased numbers and/or smaller sizes;

• nk 3, if the composition complete species, high diversity, original species of fish that become predators are still caught in approximately the same number and/or size as conditions 5-10 years ago.

Some of the stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing catch composition indicators include:

1. Work unit in the field of fisheries

2. Academics/researchers from institutions. higher education/other research institutions

3. Fisheries instructor

4. Fisherman

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

e. Existence of Introduced and Invasive Species

Data/information Indicators of the presence of introduced and invasive species can be obtained through:

• Direct field observation data related to fishermen's catches, with a representative number of respondents and fishing gear. So the number/percentage and foreign/invasive fish caught calculated from the total fish catch in one fishing unit can be ascertained;

• Research results or monitoring data from related work units/stakeholders; and/or

• Results of interviews with other fishermen/respondents with experience in capture fisheries for the last 5-10 years.

The steps for giving criterion values ​​to indicators of the existence of introduction and invasive species, namely:

1. Identify the presence of introduced fish and or invasive fish. List of invasive fish species according to KP Ministerial Decree No.19 of 2020, attached;

2. Give the criterion value (nk) indicator Presence of introduced and invasive species with the following criteria:

• nk = 1, i.e., if there is an introduced species and it becomes an invasive species

• nk = 2, i.e., if there is an introduced species but not/has not become an invasive species

• nk = 3, i.e., if there are no introduced species

Several stakeholders who can be used as respondents in assessing indicators of the presence of introduced and invasive species include:

1. Work unit in the field of fisheries

2. Academics/researchers from institutions of higher education/other research institutions

3. Fisheries instructor

4. Fisherman

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

3.2 Analysis Techniques

EAFM analysis is a multi-attribute approach to symptoms or performance indications of aquatic ecosystem conditions. The assessment of EAFM indicators is a multi-criteria analysis system that culminates in assessing a composite index to determine the status of fisheries management using the Flag Modeling technique (Adrianto et al., 2005). Data analysis is needed to find out the relationship between the current management performance status based on data for each indicator in the Fish Resources domain and recommendations for fisheries management actions that will be developed.

Currently, there are tools available that can be used to analyze the condition of EAFM in general and the condition of each EAFM domain, especially the Fish Resources domain, using the EAFM indicator assessment matrix.

In detail, the method for calculating the composite value of the indicators and domains of Fish Resources is described as follows:

a. Fishing Production Trends

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI) of fishing production trends is:

CI5.1=br5.1nr5.1nk5.1

Description:

CI5.1 = Composite fishing production trend indicator

Br5.1 = the value of the weight of the fishing production trend indicator

Nr5.1 = ranking value of fishing production trend indicator

Nk5.1 = criterion value for fishing production trend indicator

From 5 (five) indicators in the Fish Resources domain, the ranking value of the trend indicator for fishing production is 3. Thus the weight for the trend indicator for fishing production is 20. It shows that the trend indicator for fishing production has quite a large influence on the fish resources domain. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of fishing production trends is:

br5.1=(100 / (nr5.1+nr5.2+nr5.3+nr5.4+nr5.5)) x  nr5.1

b. Change in Size of Fish Caught

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI) for changes in the size of fish caught is:

CI5.2=br5.2nr5.2nk5.2

Description:

CI5.2 = Composite indicator of change in the size of fish caught

br5.2 = the weight value indicator of changes in the size of the fish caught

nr5.2 = ranking value indicator of changes in the size of the fish caught

nk5.2 = the criterion value of change in the size of the fish caught

From the 5 (five) indicators in the fish resources domain, the ranking value of the indicator for changes in the size of fish caught is 2. Thus the weight for the indicator for changes in the size of fish caught is 13. It shows that the indicator for changes in the size of fish caught has the second smallest effect on the Fish Resources domain. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of fishing production trends is:

br5.2=(100 / (nr5.1+nr5.2+nr5.3+nr5.4+nr5.5)) x  nr5.2

c. The proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator value (CI) for the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation is:

CI5.3=br5.3nr5.3nk5.3

Description:

CI5.3 = Composite indicator of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation

br5.3 = indicator weight value of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation

nr5.3 = index ranking value of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation

nk5.3 = criterion value for fry/brood fish caught, not for cultivation

From the 5 (five) indicators in the Fish Resources domain, the index ranking value of fry/brood fish caught not for cultivation is the lowest or 5th among the existing indicators, with a value of 1. Thus the weight of the indicator for the proportion of juveniles has a value of 7. It indicates that the indicator for the proportion of juveniles has the least effect on the Fish Resources domain. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of the proportion of juveniles is:

br5.3=(100 / (nr5.1+nr5.2+nr5.3+nr5.4+nr5.5)) x  nr5.3

d. Catch Composition

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator (CI) value for the composition of the catch is:

CI5.4=br5.4nr5.4nk5.4

Description:

CI5.4 = Composite indicator of catch composition

br5.4 = the weight value of the catch composition indicator

nr5.4 = ranking value of catch composition indicators

nk5.4 = criterion value of catch composition indicator 

From the 5 (five) indicators in the fish resources domain, the rank value of the catch composition indicator is 4. Thus the weight of the catch composition indicator has a value of 20. It indicates that the catch composition indicator has a fairly high influence on the fish resources domain. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of the composition of the catch is:

br5.4=(100 / (nr5.1+nr5.2+nr5.3+nr5.4+nr5.5)) x  nr5.4

e. Existence of Introduced and Invasive Species

The formula used to calculate the composite indicator (CI) value for the presence of foreign and/or invasive species is:

CI5.5=br5.5nr5.5nk5.5

Description:

CI5.5 = Composite indicator for the presence of introduced and invasive species

br5.5 = value of the weight indicator for the presence of introduced and invasive species

nr5.5 = Ranking value of indicators of the presence of introduced and invasive species

nk5.5 = the value of the indicator criteria for the presence of introduced and invasive species

From the 5 (five) indicators in the fish resources domain, the ranking value for introduced and invasive species indicators is 5. Thus the indicator weight for the presence of foreign and/or invasive species has a value of 33. It indicates that the indicator for the presence of foreign and/or invasive species has a very high influence on the fish resources domain. Meanwhile, the formula used to calculate the weight value (br) of the presence of introduced and invasive species is:

br5.5=(100 / (nr5.1+nr5.2+nr5.3+nr5.4+nr5.5)) x  nr5.5

Meanwhile, the ranking value indicators (nr) of the fish resources domain have been agreed upon by experts for each WPPNRI-PD. It is shown in Table 1.

Table1. Rank value (nr) of indicators in the Fish Resources domain for each WPPNRI-PD

Source: Technical Instructions for Assessment of Inland EAFM in Indonesia, 2020

The Domain Composite Value (CD) for the fish resources domain can be calculated by adding up all the CI values ​​obtained according to the following formula:

CD5=CI5.1+CI5.2+CI5.3+CI5.4+CI5.5

Description:

CD5 = Value composites of Fish Resource Domain

CI5.1 = value composite fishing production trend indicator

CI5.2 = Value Composite is an indicator of changes in the size of fish caught

CI5.3 = Composite value indicator of the proportion of fry/brood fish caught not for aquaculture

CI5.4 = Composite value of catch composition indicator

CI5.5 = Value composite indicator of the presence of introduced and invasive species

The CD5 value obtained is used to analyze the flag status condition of the Fish Resources domain within the framework of implementing fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) in inland waters. The status flag criteria for the Fish Resources domain are grouped based on 3 (three) categories (Table 2).

Table2. Fish Resource Domain Status Flag Criteria

To conclude the status flags of EAFM in an inland water fisheries management unit, it is agreed on the weight of the ranking domain (brd) (Table 3) to measure the interaction or influence of each domain.

Table3. Domain Rank Weight (brd)

Source: Technical Instructions for Assessment of Inland EAFM in Indonesia, 2020

The effect value of the Fish Resources domain on the entire EAFM domain (CDI5) can be found by multiplying CD5 by the ranking weight for the Fish Resources domain (brd5) according to the following formula:

CDI5=CD5 x brd5

Status flags EAFM can be known by calculating the aggregate of all CDI values according to the following formula:

CA=CDI1+CDI2+CDI3+CDI4+CDI5+CDI6+CDI77

Description:

ca = Aggregated value of all EAFM domains

CDI1 = Composite Value of Environmental Domain 

CDI2 = Composite Value of Fishing Technology Domain

CDI3 = Composite Value of Social Domain 

CDI4 = Composite Value of Economic Domain 

CDI5 = Composite Value of Fish Resource Domain 

CDI6 = Composite Value of Governance Domain 

CDI7 = Composite Value of Stakeholder Domain 

The flag status criteria for fisheries management conditions in an inland waters ecosystem are grouped into 3 (three) categories (Table 4).

Table4. Criteria for Flag Status of Fishery Management Conditions in an Inland Water Ecosystem.

In short, the assessment of EAFM indicators for case studies in WPPNRI-PD 435 used in the process of input and analysis of fish resource domain data can be illustrated as follows (Table 5):

Table5. Case Study of Analysis of Fish Resources Domain Data

Source: Technical Instructions for Assessment of Inland EAFM in Indonesia, 2020

Notes:

• , 2 (two) factors determine its value, namely weight, and score, to evaluate each indicator in each domain. The weight is from a set of indicators in the same domain, sorted by importance from high to low, with a total of 100% (maximum 1). The score uses a Likert scale of 1 to 3, namely 1 = low, 2 = moderate, and 3 = high.

Based on the calculation of the CD5 value above, it is known that the Fish Resource Domain status flag is yellow or in moderate condition. It shows that the condition of the local Fish Resources domain has implemented the principles of sustainable fisheries but is not yet optimal. So it is necessary to establish a strategic plan to optimize or improve the existing domain conditions and indicators.

3.3 Results Recommendations

Recommendations for fisheries management are formulated to determine strategic plans through policies/programs/activities addressing gaps, issues, and problems. Fisheries management recommendations are grouped based on the status flags of each EAFM domain. In general, recommendations for ecosystem-based fisheries management shows in Table 6 below:

Table6. Fisheries Management Recommendations Based on EAFM Status Flags

Meanwhile, recommendations that can be applied to the Fish Resource Domain, namely (Table 7):

Table7. Recommendations for Fish Resource Domains Based on Domain Status Flags.