CHAPTER I. Introduction

1.1. Overview

Inland water fishery is a business activity exploiting its biological and non-biological resources in inland waters with unique and complex characteristics. Inland waters, with their ecosystem connectivity and inter-connected, cause the characteristics of fishery resources to be scattered and separated on a relatively small scale with the availability of varied fish resources. On the other hand, the inland fisheries sector is not the main stakeholder that utilizes the territory and resources of inland waters. Thus the patterns of management of inland water fisheries are unique, need to utilize various approaches, and must also be in line with other stakeholders.

Inland waters have made a major contribution to the welfare of the surrounding community, including i) Maintaining the continuity of the supply of animal protein and food security, ii) As a source of livelihood; iii) community economic resources; iv) becoming regional income and foreign exchange (Jusuf, 2009). According to Klessig (2001), the social benefits of exploiting the potential of inland water resources are only optimal if management policies are integrated, fully recognizing their potential contributions, and paying equal attention to all the values ​​that can be provided.

Fisherman communities are the most utilized inland water resources, with more focus on the utilization of SDI. They utilize the results of fishery resources from fishing activities. Therefore, this fishing community almost completely relies on the natural regeneration of fishery resources along with the supporting capacity of the surrounding nature to support the sustainability of these fishery activities.

The capture fisheries community can be divided into several groups directly related to livelihoods within the fisheries sector: fishing communities, catch collectors and catch processing communities. Outside of these community groups, there are also a small number of residents who are community groups that are not directly related to livelihoods in the fishing sector, such as employees and craftsmen. They are included in a fishing community due to social relations with the first-mentioned groups because they live together in an area (Hartono & Purnomo, 2022).

The social conditions of inland fishing communities correlated to social processes and interactions within them. According to Hartono & Purnomo (2022), the relationship between individuals and social groups determines the systems and forms of these relationships. It has a reciprocal influence on various aspects of life. While social interaction is paying attention to and studying various community problems. Understanding the conditions of who plays a role and influences certain forms of social interaction contributes to the joint effort of community development.

In the management of inland waters, careful consideration for the balance of water use, which refers to sustainable development, accommodates various interests and maintains the sustainability of its ecological system.

The integration involving all stakeholders is very important because it relates to the sustainable use of inland water resources collaboratively. Without collaboration, inland waters will experience excessive ecological pressures that affect the sustainability of utilization. This collaborative management of inland water resources refers to the collaboration of all stakeholders to regulate communities that use aquatic resources fairly and efficiently, which is directed at harmonizing sustainable use (Keyim, 2017).

1.2. Description 

The assessment of EAFM indicators in inland waters is the initial stage in the implementation stage of the fisheries management plan in the inland waters WPPNRI. It formulates a strategic plan that contains issues and problems, goals, objectives, and action plans for fisheries management. It is as stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia number 22 of 2021 concerning the Preparation of Fisheries Management Plans and Fisheries Management Institutions in the Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Republic of Indonesia.

This module is structured as teaching material in implementing technical guidance on assessing fisheries management indicators with an ecosystem approach directed at provincial/regency/city regional government officials following their authority and other relevant stakeholders (research institutions or universities). So, they can carry out fisheries status assessments in all inland water ecosystems that capture fisheries business actors have utilized. It is expected that the results of the evaluation of EAFM indicators in inland waters can be input into the application of the Information System for Fisheries Management in Inland Waters (SIAPP). So, they can be used as a joint reference in preparing RPP in the inland waters of WPPNRI and its derivatives.

The Social Domain is one of the tools used in assessing the condition of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach. It analyzes the social conditions of fisheries stakeholders and those involved in an inland waters ecosystem. So strategic steps can be taken to optimize social roles in realizing sustainable fisheries management in inland waters.

The social conditions of inland fishing communities are related to the social processes and the interactions within them. According to Hartono & Purnomo (2022) are ways of relating between individuals and social groups and determining the systems and forms of these relationships. It provides a reciprocal influence in various aspects of life. Meanwhile, social interaction is paying attention to and studying various community problems and understanding the conditions of who participates in influencing certain forms of social interaction that contribute to the joint effort of community development.

In the management of inland waters, careful consideration is required for the balance of water use, which refers to sustainable development, accommodates various interests, and maintains the sustainability of its ecological system.

In this module, a more detailed description will be presented regarding the process and social interaction of the community in the utilization of inland water resources, especially fish resources. Within the framework of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), the Social Domain is one of the 7 (seven) EAFM domains in Inland Waters (see Figure 1.1). It analyzes status flags and impacts from processes and community social interaction in fishing activities in inland water ecosystems. Furthermore, strategic steps can be taken to manage the community's social conditions as part of fisheries management in inland waters.

1.3. Objective

Learning Module VII – Social Domain aims to:

1. Participants know the meaning of indicators in the Social Domain, including community participation, fisheries conflicts, local agreements, the role of figures, and the proportion of education and experience as fishermen.
2. Participants understand how to evaluate indicators and determine status flags in the Social Domain in an inland waters ecosystem

1.4. Definition

1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.
2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.
3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.
4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries
5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;
6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;
7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;
8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;
9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;
10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;
11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;
12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;
13. A dangerous fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic that can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.
14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.
15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;
16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;
17. Local wisdom is a noble value ​​ still valid in society's life habits.
18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.
19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;
20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;
21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods use fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.
22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.
23. Artisanal Fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.
24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.
25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.
26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.
27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;
28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.
29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;
30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries
31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.
32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;
33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;
34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;
35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.
37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.
38. A demarcation lake is the area of ​​land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for  the environmental aspects;
39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;
40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);
41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.
42. Fisheries Management Unit, hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.
43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;
44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;
47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.
48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;
49. The Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.