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CHAPTER I. Introduction

1.1. Overview

Inland water fisheries are identical to fisheries whose access is open. There are no fishing restrictions (except for certain species specifically regulated). It considers joint property without agreements and legal documents in their ownership (except for lebak lebung, which are auctioned and become temporary property for the vendor). It becomes a low priority in multi-purpose utilization among other user sectors (Kartamihardja et al., 2009). In addition, its use as a source of daily protein in the household is also become a 'safeguard' for low-income people from previous livelihoods due to a decrease in natural resources, climate change, or ecological events such as drought and even floods (Medard et al., 2000; Jul Larsen, 2003), as well as other crises such as disease outbreaks.

The artisanal fisheries spread in natural and artificial waters, utilizing fish and non-fish species. The role of inland water fisheries seems invisible compared to marine fisheries, which are estimated to be 7 times larger. Even its contribution continues to increase globally (FAO, 2022). The dimension index of food availability for inland fisheries is 77.7 (cultivation is 78.8 and sea is 76.3). It indicates that the contribution of inland fisheries tends to be more stable than marine fisheries. It includes the public's concern about food shortages and the level of adequacy. Likewise, affordability and access to the food show that inland fisheries support food security. It aligns with the global understanding that fish and inland water fisheries are the main source of animal protein and are vital in ensuring food and nutrition security for many people, especially in developing countries (Godfray et al., 2010; Youn et al., 2014).

The characteristics of fishermen in inland waters are classified as artisanal fishermen, or according to Law number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries, are people whose livelihood is fishing to fulfill their daily needs (subsistence fishermen). Pollnack (1988) 's grouping of fishermen shows that artisanal fisheries generally have long experience in the fishery sector. However, it has a high risk due to competition between fishermen, or due to natural conditions, with uncertain income. Livelihoods as fishermen are not only a source of income but a way of life. In inland water fisheries, there are three categories of fishermen, namely primary fishermen (whose all activities and income are derived from fishing), main part-time fishermen (whose most of their activities and income come from fisheries), and additional part-time fishermen (whose small part of their activities and income come from fisheries). The impression of "underdeveloped, informal and marginal" fisheries economic activities in inland waters has resulted in a lack of integration of inland waters into the decision-making process both at the national and local scales (district and provincial levels).

However, from a 'security' perspective, the income derived from fisheries is still fragile. It is because estimated that one-third of fish stocks are not biologically sustainable. These conditions indirectly affect the livelihoods of fishermen, especially in developing countries (Allison et al., 2001). The increase in the number of fish catches in inland waters since the 1950s has been accompanied by many freshwater reserves threatened with extinction (Allan et al., 2005). Although, it is known that this condition occurs not only due to fishing activities but also environmental changes, excessive use of water resources (Sanon et al., 2020), intensive agriculture, and climate change (Awotwi et al., 2015; Jaime, 2019). Improving the welfare of fishing communities through income from fisheries leads to an increase in living standards. There has been a nutritional transition, namely a shift in dietary patterns towards a nutrient-richer protein (World Bank, 2016). Then, an increase in food consumption standards is followed by an increase in income. However, there is an interest in harmonizing the two: the welfare of fishermen and fish resource sustainability.

1.2. Description

The assessment of EAFM indicators in inland waters is the initial stage in the implementation stage of the Fisheries Management Plan in the Inland Waters WPPNRI. It is used to formulate a strategic plan that contains issues and problems, goals, objectives, and action plans for fisheries management, as stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia, number 22 of 21. It concerns in preparation of Fisheries Management Plans and Fisheries Management Institutions in the Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Republic of Indonesia.

This module is structured as teaching material for implementing Technical Guidance for the Assessment of Fisheries Management Indicators with an Ecosystem Approach. It is directed at provincial/regency/city regional government officials according to their authority and other relevant stakeholders (research institutions or universities). So, they can carry out status assessments of fisheries in all inland water ecosystems that capture fisheries business actors have exploited. It is expected that the results of the evaluation of EAFM indicators in inland waters can be input into the application of the Information System for Fisheries Management in Inland Waters (SIAPP). So, they can be used as a joint reference in preparing RPP in the Inland Waters WPPNRI and its derivatives.

The economic domain is one of the tools in assessing the condition of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach. It is used to analyze the economic conditions of fishing actors in an inland waters ecosystem. So, strategic steps can be taken to optimize the economic role of fisheries and non-fisheries in realizing sustainable fisheries management in inland waters. This domain will measure the economic performance of fishing households (RTP) and see whether economic activities are exploitative and endanger resources.

The Economic Domain is one of the tools used in assessing the condition of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach. It is used to analyze the economic conditions of fishing actors in an inland waters ecosystem. So strategic steps can be taken to optimize the economic role of fisheries and non-fisheries in realizing sustainable fisheries management in inland waters. This domain will measure Fishery Households' (RTP) economic performance and see whether an economic activity is exploitative and endangers resources.

In this module, a more detailed description will be presented, namely, (1) asset ownership, (2) income proportion, (3) expenditure proportion, (4) economic dependency, and (5) fishermen's livelihood characteristics. Within the framework of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), Domain Governance is one of the 7 (seven) EAFM domains in inland waters (see Figure 1.1). It is used to analyze status flags and the resulting impacts so that strategic steps can be taken to regulate fishing efforts in inland waters.

Figure1. Economic Domain Position on EAFM in Inland Waters

1.3. Objective

Learning Module VIII – EAFM Economic Domain in Inland Waters aims to:

  1. Participants know how to identify asset ownership, the proportion of income, the proportion of expenditure, economic dependence, and the diversity of fishermen's livelihoods from one or several fishing communities in an inland waters ecosystem.
  2. Participants understand how to evaluate indicators and determine status flags in the economic domain of an inland waters ecosystem.

1.4. Definition

  1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.
  2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.
  3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.
  4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries
  5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;
  6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;
  7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;
  8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;
  9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;
  10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;
  11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;
  12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;
  13. A dangerous type of fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic which can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.
  14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.
  15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;
  16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;
  17. Local wisdom is a noble value ​​ still valid in society's life habits.
  18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.
  19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;
  20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;
  21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods are the usage of fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.
  22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.
  23. Artisanal Fisheries a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.
  24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.
  25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.
  26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.
  27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;
  28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.
  29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;
  30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries
  31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.
  32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;
  33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;
  34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;
  35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
  36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.
  37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.
  38. Border lake is the area of ​​land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for  the environmental aspects;
  39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;
  40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);
  41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.
  42. Fisheries Management Unit hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.
  43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;
  44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;
  46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;
  47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.
  48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;
  49. The Fisheries Management Area of ​​the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
  50. Indonesian Republic State Fisheries Management Area, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI, is a fishery management area for fishing and fish farming which includes Indonesian waters, the Indonesian exclusive economic zone, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.
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