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CHAPTER I Introduction

 1.1 Overview

The management and utilization of inland waters are based on rules and values governing each resource user's position, function, and role, according to the rules, agreements, and proper allotments. The utilization of fish resources and the surrounding environment of inland waters can involve multi-sectors and has open access characteristics. Formal regulations in form of regulations appear because of the need for management resources. Applied regulation of policies is arranged to control an order that is made to be obeyed and free from violations. In the fisheries sector, violations are numerous and likely to occur.

Strengthening the regulations on inland water fisheries has been prepared at the central level. However, derivative regulations at the regional level have not been fully developed in detail to meet regional needs in managing fish resources. These regulations are governance achievements that form the basis of Law number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation and Government Regulation Number 27 of 2021 concerning implementing the Maritime and Fisheries Sector. Government Regulation Number 5 of 2021 is concerning the implementation Risk-Based Business Permits. Minister of KP Number 18 of 2021 is concerning the Placement of Fishing Equipment and Fishing Auxiliary Equipment at the High Seas WPPNRI and the Arrangement of Andon Fishing. Then, the Minister of KP Number 22 of 2021 is concerning the Preparation of RPP and LPP at WPPNRI. Ministerial Regulation of KP Number 10 of 2021 concerns Standards for Business Activities and Products in implementing Risk- Based Business Licensing for the KP Sector. Ministerial Regulation of KP Number 19 of 2021 concerns Re-stocking and Catching Aquaculture-Based Fish. Ministerial Regulation of KP Number 26 of 2021 concerns the Prevention of Pollution, Damage, Rehabilitation, and Increasing SDI and its Environment. Kepmen KP Number 80 of 2020 concerns the Limited Protection of Eels (Anguilla spp). Permen KP Number 9 of 2020 concerns WPPNRI PD. Kepmen KP Number 21 of 2021 concerns Collection Quotas for Utilization of Limited Protected Fish Species.

Daily needs that continue to increase will encourage unwise behavior in utilizing an open access resource and becomes public property, such as fisheries in inland waters. Besides the regulations at the national and central levels, there are also community traditions in the form of local wisdom, which aim to preserve natural resources. In this case, the preservation of fish and their environment to maintain their

sustainability. It existed centuries ago or was born in the colonial era. Over time, some local wisdom loses its role and function because it is not supported by regulations and good governance (Aisyah, 2019). Even though Law Number 31 of 2004, as amended by Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries, stipulates that the management of fisheries to catch and cultivate fish is required to consider customary law and/or local wisdom and community participation. It indicates that local legal policies can be taken from values in local wisdom (Pulusulawa et al., 2017).

Fisheries management is then carried out with the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) approach. It balances the diverse social objectives, considering the knowledge and uncertainties of biotic, abiotic, and human resources as ecosystem components and their interactions, which are integrated for fisheries within meaningful ecological boundaries (Garcia et al., 2023). The fishery is an inseparable part of the utilization of resources, especially inland waters, while ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem in encouraging productivity while maintaining the quality of the existing environment.


Assessment of EAFM indicators in inland waters is the initial stage in implementing the Fisheries Management Plan in the Inland Waters WPPNRI. Then, it also formulated a strategic plan containing issues and problems, goals, objectives, and action plans for fisheries management, as stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia, number 22 of 2021. It concerns the Preparation of Fisheries Management Plans and Fisheries Management Institutions in the Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia.

This module is structured as teaching material for implementing Technical Guidance for the Assessment of Fisheries Management Indicators with an Ecosystem Approach. It is directed at provincial/regency/city regional government officials according to their authority and other relevant stakeholders (research institutions or universities). So, they can carry out status assessments of fisheries in all inland water ecosystems that capture fisheries business actors have exploited. It is expected that the results of the evaluation of EAFM indicators in inland waters can be input into the application of the Information System for Fisheries Management in Inland Waters (SIAPP). So, they can be used as a joint reference in preparing RPP in the Inland Waters WPPNRI and its derivatives.

Domain Governance is one of the tools in assessing the condition of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach. It is used to analyze the management of fisheries resources in an inland waters ecosystem. So, strategic steps can be taken to optimize the governance of fish resources to guarantee fisheries management continuously in inland waters. The form of fishery resources management in an inland water ecosystem is generally in the form of formal and informal regulations. It is used to ensure the sustainability of fish resources.

In this module, it will be presented, namely, (1) Compliance with the principles of sustainable fisheries, (2) Completeness of legal rules, (3) Local wisdom, (4) Decision-making mechanisms, and (5) Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policy. Within the framework of fisheries management with an ecosystem approach or Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), Domain Governance is one of the 7 (seven) EAFM domains in inland waters (see Figure 1.1). It is used to analyze status flags and their impacts so that strategic steps can be taken to regulate fishing in inland waters.




         

Figure1. Governance Domain Position on EAFM in Inland Waters


Learning Module IX – Domain of EAFM Governance in Inland Waters aims to:

  1. Participants know how to identify compliance with the principles of sustainable fisheries, completeness of legal regulations, local wisdom, decision-making mechanisms, and ecosystem-based fisheries management policies; and.

  2. Participants understand how to evaluate indicators and determine status flags in Domain Governance in an inland waters ecosystem.

 

  1. Fishing Gears, abbreviated as ABPI, is a tool used to catch fish in fishing activities.

  2. Permitted Fishing Gear is tools, aids, and/or fishing materials that do not cause damage (destructive) to fish resources or the environment. So these tools are permitted to be used.

  3. Fishing Equipment, hereinafter abbreviated as API. It means facilities and equipment or other objects used to catch fish.

  4. Lake is the reservoir of water on the surface of the earth, and its naturally formed ecosystems bounded around by boundaries

  5. Dynamics of the Aquatic Environment is a change in the order of the environment by human activities or by natural processes, resulting in a change in the aquatic ecosystem;

  6. A domain is a group of various indicators that interact with each other to form certain characteristics;

  7. Social domains are a collection of various social indicators joined in a certain group, and those can interact with each other;

  8. The domain of capture techniques is a collection of various indicators of fishing techniques that are incorporated into a certain group and can interact with each other;

  9. The ecosystem is the interaction and interrelation between living things and their environment;

  10. Fish are all kinds of organisms whose whole or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment;

  11. The indicator is the value used as a reference (reference point) to indicate the characteristics of the domain;

  12. The key indicator is the first ranking indicator and has the highest rating in a domain;

  13. A dangerous type of fish is a certain type of fish originating from outside the territory of the Indonesian Republic which can harm and/or endanger the preservation of the fish resources, the environment, and humans.

  14. Fishing Vessel is a ship used to catch fish, storing, cooling, and/or preserve fish.

  15. Characteristics of the Aquatic Environment is a characteristic of aquatic ecosystems;

  16. Characteristics of Fish Resources is a characteristic that is owned or attached to fish resources;

  17. Local wisdom is a noble value still valid in society's life habits.

  18. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Policies are all policy instruments, programs, and/or activities to realize optimal and sustainable benefits and preserve fish resources in an inland waters ecosystem.

  19. Functional Linkages are reciprocal relationships between EAFM components that are mutually influencing and irreversible;

  20. Connectivity is the functional linkages between EAFM components that consider the precautionary and uncertainty principles;

  21. Non-eco-friendly Fishing methods are the usage of fishing gear that destroys the fishing resources and the environment.

  22. A fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing.

  23. Artisanal Fisherman is a person whose livelihood is fishing to meet their daily needs, whether using fishing vessels or not using fishing vessels.

  24. The parameter is the variable used to measure quality.

  25. Stakeholders are parties who have an interest in Fisheries Management in WPPNRI.

  26. Fish catch is an activity to obtain fish in waters that are not cultivated by any means or method, including using ships to load, transport, store, cool, handle, process, and/or preserve them.

  27. The Ecosystem Approach is an effort to involve ecosystem components with a decision-making process on resources, ecosystems, and their environment;

  28. Redistribution is the release of fish from fishing activity or cultivation to its natural habitat.

  29. Fisheries Management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation and law enforcement and regulations in the field of fisheries, carried out by the government or other authorities directed at achieving continuity of productivity of aquatic resources and set goals;

  30. Fisheries Management with an Ecosystem Approach (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management), hereinafter referred to as EAFM an ecosystem approach to fisheries that tries to balance diverse societal goals, considering knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human ecosystem components and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecological boundaries

  31. Inland Waters are waters that do not belong to individuals and/or corporations and are measured from the lowest tide line to the mainland.

  32. Fishery are all activities related to the management and utilization of fish resources and their environment starting from pre-production, production, and processing to marketing carried out in a fishery business system;

  33. A precautionary principle is an approach that considers the risk of action management;

  34. The uncertainty principle is a principle that considers the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ecosystems;

  35. The swamp is a stagnant natural land that occurs continuously or seasonally due to blocked natural drainage and has special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

  36. A Fisheries Management Plan is an official document containing the status of Fisheries and a strategic plan for Fisheries Management.

  37. Catching Gear Selectivity is the ability of the fishing gear to catch the permitted target fish.

  38. Border lake is the area of land that surrounds, and it has a certain distance from the edge of the lake body, which functions as a lake protection area, public facilities, the community, and for the environmental aspects;

  39. A Fisheries Sanctuary is a certain water area, either fresh, brackish, or seawater, with certain conditions and characteristics as a shelter/breeding area for certain types of fish resources, which functions as a nature reserve;

  40. Fish Resources are all potential types of fish (class fish);

  41. Rivers are places, containers, and water drainage networks from springs to estuaries bounded on the right and left and along the drainage by a borderline.

  42. Fisheries Management Unit hereinafter referred to as FMU, is a fishery management unit defined according to the space and species of fish resources. Each fishery management unit has a fishery management unit.

  43. A fisheries management unit by space is a fishery management unit that is defined based on ecological or administrative space;

  44. A fisheries management unit by species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;

  45. A fisheries management unit according to fishing technique species is a fishery management unit that is defined based on a unit of stock of a particular species and/or group of species;

  46. The fisheries management unit is an institutional unit that plans, implements, and evaluates fishery management in a particular fishery management unit;

  47. A reservoir is a water container formed due to the construction of a river structure, in this case, a dam building, and in the form of a widening river channel/body/trough.

  48. Fisheries Management Area or WPP (Fisheries Management Area/FMA) is a fishery management area for fishing, fish farming, conservation, research, and fishery development which includes inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, additional zones, and the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;

  49. The Fisheries Management Area of the Indonesian Republic in Inland Waters, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI PD, is a Fisheries Management area for fishing and fish farming. It includes rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.

  50. Indonesian Republic State Fisheries Management Area, hereinafter abbreviated as WPPNRI, is a fishery management area for fishing and fish farming which includes Indonesian waters, the Indonesian exclusive economic zone, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and other bodies of water that have the potential to be cultivated in the territory of the Indonesian Republic.

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